Caspian Sea

آلودگی ʌlud-a-gi-jɛ pollute.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

دریای darjʌ-jɛ sea-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

خزر xazar Caspian

از az from

مرز marz-ɛ border-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

بحران bʊhrʌn crisis

گذشته gʊzaʃt-a pass.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

است ast is

بحث bahs-ɛ controversy-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. This refers to a discussion with a disagreement. It can refer to productive conversations as well as (in this case) unproductive ones.

آبهای ʌb-hʌ-jɛ water-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

دریای darjʌ-jɛ sea-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

خزر xazar Caspian

بحث bahs-ɛ controversy-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

تازه‌ای tʌza-je fresh-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”

نیست nest is.not

ولی wali but

با bʌ with

آغاز ʌɣʌz-ɛ beginning-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

فصل fasl-ɛ chapter/season-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid-ɛ new-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

صید sajd hunting Although this word indeed means ‘hunting,’ context seems to require it to refer to fishing as well.

و wa and

بی‌نتیجه be-natidʒa without-result

ماندن mʌnd-an-ɛ remain.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-INFInfinitive. This suffix attaches to the past tense stem to make an infinitive, like English to in “to run” or “to swim.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مذاکرات mʊzʌkɛr-ʌt-ɛ discusson-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کشورهای kɛʃwar-hʌ-jɛ country-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

حاشیه hʌʃija-jɛ border-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

خزر xazar Caspian

برای barʌjɛ for

رسیدن rasid-an reach.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-INFInfinitive. This suffix attaches to the past tense stem to make an infinitive, like English to in “to run” or “to swim.”

به ba to

یک jɛk one

توافق tawʌfʊq agreement

درباره darbʌra-jɛ about-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

رژیم rɛʒim-ɛ regime-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

حقوقی hʊquq-i rights/salary-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

بار bʌr-ɛ occasion-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

دیگر digar other

توجه tawadʒoh attention

به ba to

این in this

دریا darjʌ sea

جلب dʒalb drawn

شده ʃʊd-a become.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

است ast is

خبرگزاری xabar-gʊzʌr-i-jɛ news-place-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مهر mɛhr Mehr

به ba to

نقل naql communication This means ‘according to.’ In this case Mehr is reporting what the ecobiologist said.

از az from

یک jɛk one

اکوبیولوژیست ɛkobijuloʒist-ɛ ecobiologist-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

دریا darjʌ sea

نوشت nɛwɛʃt write.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)

دریای darjʌ-jɛ sea-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

خزر xazar Caspian

از az from

مرز marz-ɛ border-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

بحران bʊhrʌn crisis

گذشته gʊzaʃt-a pass.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

است ast is

و wa and

در dar in

سرطانزا saratʌn-zʌ cancer-beget This fun compound means, ‘carcinogenic.’

بودن bud-an-ɛ be.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-INFInfinitive. This suffix attaches to the past tense stem to make an infinitive, like English to in “to run” or “to swim.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

سمومی sʊmum-e toxins-RELRelativizer. This introduces a relative clause, e.g., “a man who likes sports” or “a book that isn't too long.” A word with this suffix is often followed by که. Arabic plural of سم [sam].

که ke that

به ba to

این in this

دریا darjʌ sea

سرازیر sarʌzer downhill More specifically, this means ‘to flow into.’

می‌شوند me-ʃaw-and CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-become-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”

شکی ʃak-i doubt-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

نیست nest is.not

سخنگوی sʊxan-gu-jɛ speech-say-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کمیسیون kʊmisjun-ɛ commission-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

بهداشت bɛhdʌʃt hygiene

و o and

درمان darmʌn-ɛ remedy-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مجلس madʒlɛs-ɛ meeting-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. Here this word refers to the Parliament of Iran.

ایران irʌn Iran

هم ham also

از az from

فاجعه fʌdʒɛʔa-jɛ disaster-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

زیست‌محیطی zist-mʊhit-i life-environment-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.” This means ‘environmental’.

در dar in

شهرهای ʃahr-hʌ-jɛ city-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

شمالی ʃʊmʌl-i north-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

کشور kɛʃwar country

گفته gʊft-a say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

است ast is

محمد mʊhamad Muhammad

حسین hʊsen Hossein

قربانی qʊrbʌni Qurbani

می‌گوید me-gu-jad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-say-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

فاضلاب fʌzɛl-ʌb-ɛ waste-water-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

شهرهای ʃahr-hʌ-jɛ city-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

به ba to

مزارع mazʌr farms Arabic plural of مزرعه [mazraʔa].

و wa and

رودخانه‌های rudxʌna-hʌ-jɛ river-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

منتهی mʊntahi ending

به ba to

دریای darjʌ-jɛ sea-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

خزر xazar Caspian

منتقل mʊntaqɛl transferred The idea here is that some things flow into the sea and some things are dumped there.

و wa and

یا jʌ or

مستقیماً mʊstaqim-an direct-ADVAdverb. This turns a word into an adverb, like adding -ly in English (“happy”→“happily”).

به ba to

دریای darjʌ-jɛ sea-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

خزر xazar Caspian

ریخته rext-a flow.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

می‌شود me-ʃaw-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-become-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

و wa and

آمار ʌmʌr-ɛ statistics-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

بیماری‌های bimʌr-i-hʌ-jɛ sick-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”). -PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

پوستی pust-i skin-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

سرطان‌ها saratʌn-hʌ cancer-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.

و wa and

همچنین ham-tʃɛnin also-sort

صنایع sɛnʌ-je industries-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”

غذایی ɣɛzʌ-ji food-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

از az from

عوارض awʌrɛz-ɛ difficulties-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. This is an Arabic plural of عارض [arɛz].

نبود na-bud-ɛ NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-be.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مدیریت mʊdirjat-ɛ directorate-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

صحیح saheh acceptable

در dar in

این in this

زمینه zamina basis

است ast is

او u 3S

همچنین ham-tʃɛnin also-sort

گفته gʊft-a say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

است ast is

حجم hʊdʒm-ɛ volume-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

دریای darjʌ-jɛ sea-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

خزر xazar Caspian

به ba to

یک jɛk one

دهم dahʊm-ɛ tenth-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کاهش kʌhɛʃ reduction

یافته jʌft-a find.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

و wa and

در dar in

صورت surat-ɛ appearance-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ادامه ɛdʌma-jɛ continue-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

شرایط ʃarʌjɛt-ɛ terms-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کنونی kʊnun-i-jɛ present-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

پسماندها pas-mʌnd-a-hʌ after-remain.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something. This means ‘refuse’.This could also be written پسماندهها

و wa and

رشد rʊʃd-ɛ growth-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

بی‌رویه be-rawija-jɛ without-policy-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

صید sajd hunting

در dar in

چند tʃand few

سال sʌl-ɛ year-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

آینده ʌjɛnda future

ذخایر zaxʌjɛr-ɛ stores-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. Arabic plural of ذخیره [zaxira].

دریای darjʌ-jɛ sea-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

خزر xazar Caspian

نابود nʌ-bud not-be.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)

خواهد xwʌh-ad will-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

شد ʃʊd become.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)

جلال dʒalʌl Jalal

فرهنگ farhang Farhang

مسئولیتها masulijat-hʌ responsibility-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.

و wa and

راه‌حلهای rʌh-ɛ-hal-hʌ-jɛ path-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.-solution-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

احتمالی ɛtɛmʌl-i possibility-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.” This means ‘possible.’

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

بررسی barrasi review

می‌کند me-kʊn-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-do-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”